Dental OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) Practice Exam

What autoimmune condition causes hypothyroidism?

1. Graves Disease

2. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

3. Cretinism

4. Thyroid Storm

The correct answer is: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is the autoimmune condition responsible for causing hypothyroidism. In this disorder, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and reduced production of thyroid hormones. As the thyroid becomes progressively damaged, it fails to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs, resulting in the symptoms associated with hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold. This condition is characterized by the presence of antibodies against thyroid tissues, which can be identified through specific blood tests. Over time, the destruction of the thyroid gland can lead to a complete lack of hormone production, requiring lifelong management typically through hormone replacement therapy. While Graves Disease is also an autoimmune condition, it primarily leads to hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid is overactive rather than underactive. Cretinism refers to a consequence of severe hypothyroidism during infancy or early childhood, and although it relates to the condition, it is not an autoimmune disease itself. Thyroid Storm describes a life-threatening health crisis due to uncontrolled hyperthyroidism and is not connected to autoimmune causes of hypothyroidism.